Bioinformatics Reference Tables
Browse 19 quick-reference tables covering codons, amino acids, restriction enzymes, IUPAC codes, CRISPR PAMs, and primer design — all in one place.
Codon table
Standard genetic code table for translating DNA or RNA codons.
Open reference →Amino acids chart
One-letter and three-letter amino acid codes with key properties.
Open reference →Restriction enzymes
Common restriction enzymes: recognition sites, cut positions, NEB buffer activity, star activity and an interactive double-digest buffer finder.
Open reference →IUPAC codes
Nucleotide ambiguity codes and their complements.
Open reference →Sequence file formats
Quick reference for FASTA, FASTQ, GenBank and related formats.
Open reference →Phred quality scores
Phred score meaning, error probabilities and ASCII encodings.
Open reference →DNA/RNA molecular weight
Average and exact molecular weights for DNA and RNA sequences.
Open reference →CRISPR PAM table
PAM sequences for common Cas nucleases and guide design.
Open reference →Primer design table
PCR primer design rules for length, GC content and Tm.
Open reference →Codon usage tables
Per-codon usage frequencies for E. coli, human, yeast, CHO, Pichia, insect, Arabidopsis and zebrafish.
Open reference →NCBI alternative genetic codes
Alternative translation tables and codon reassignments beyond the standard code.
Open reference →Amino acid pKa & pI
Side-chain and terminal pKa values and how they set the isoelectric point.
Open reference →Oligo & DNA/RNA conversions
A260 quantification, ng↔pmol, copy number and oligo resuspension.
Open reference →PCR cycling conditions
Reference thermal-cycling steps, temperatures, times and cycle numbers.
Open reference →CRISPR gRNA design rules
Spacer length, GC, poly-T and seed-region rules for guide RNA design.
Open reference →Antibiotic resistance genes
Selection markers, mechanisms and working concentrations for cloning.
Open reference →Genomics file formats
SAM/BAM flags, VCF, BED and GFF/GTF columns and coordinate systems.
Open reference →Cloning & expression vectors
Reference table of common cloning and protein expression vectors with backbone size, origin of replication, copy number, selection marker, promoter and fusion tags.
Open reference →Protein tags
Common affinity, epitope and solubility protein tags with amino acid sequences, mass, purification/detection and protease cleavage.
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